Inclusionary Practices In The Science Classroom Education Essay

Inclusionary patterns are those which involve pupils with or without disablements. Students who are physically or mentally impaired are given more attending, but they are taught in the same environment as that of the normal pupils. In order to manage such a group of pupils, teamwork is compulsory. A squad of decision makers, regular schoolroom instructors, physical instructors, particular instructors, physical and occupational healers, etc is required ( Meieran, – ) . There are two sorts of inclusion. Regular inclusion- is one where the particular pupils go in the schoolroom of general pupils. There they are given extra aid and particular direction in the schoolroom. Full inclusion is one where there is no segregation between general and particular pupils, and they work together ( Hub Pages ) . Experiences Richard Lange, is a talented expert, and he talks about his experience and about the international talented plans. He talks about his visit to Taipei, Taiwan, where he saw that these pupils had to take extended strict arrangement trials in order to acquire them admitted in these schools. These schools have big focal point on scientific discipline and research lab experiments at an early age. Cultivation of Inclusive Practices in Schools When inclusive patterns are cultivated in schools, the school faculty members must do certain that the instructors they hire have a focal point on handicapped pupils beyond that they have on normal pupils. The manner instructions are given is an of import factor, as it can function as solid foundation for inclusive schoolroom ( Dukes & A ; Dukes ) However, there are a batch of challenges that comes across in inclusive schoolrooms. The instructor has to be more inclusive and identify challenges by supplying practical activities, thoughts and attacks ( Inclusive Science ) . One obstruction which everyone comes across is the common attitude of instructors. It has been observed that the attitude of general pupil instructors is different towards the handicapped pupils. Their thought of inclusion and acceptableness differs in regard to the two types. This finally leads to a creative activity of ‘yours non mine ‘ kind of an hostile environment between both the pupils and the staff. A 2nd obstruction is that most of the clip the leaders are unable to acknowledge the demands of the inclusive schoolrooms, and hence, due to this deficiency of support from the staff and decision makers, success is improbable ( Green ) . Importance of Science Science has been considered as the most valuable topic to be taught to the handicapped pupils. Largely general pupil instructors have developing refering to learning pupils with disablements. Particular pupil instructors have had preparation in learning the scientific discipline topics. After the jurisprudence which stated that every kid has a right to achieve instruction was passed, budgets were allocated for the support of instruction of these particular childs. But a job came along with this credence. The scientific discipline instructors were non efficient plenty to convey the cognition to particular pupils, as they were small trained to cover with handicapped pupils, and in general, particular pedagogues had small or no exposure to scientific discipline. Therefore the cognition which the pupils receive is largely that from the text books. And nil beyond the text edition cognition could be explained to the particular pupils. It was observed that the instruction towards scientific discipline was non taken that earnestly. Patton, Polloway and Cranon in a study of particular instruction instructors found that 42 % of particular instruction instructors received no preparation in scientific discipline, 38 % of ego contained kids in particular instruction categories did non have any scientific discipline preparation. In the study further it was found that particular pedagogues spent merely 60 proceedingss in one hebdomad to scientific discipline, and 90 % of the instructors were dependent on the cognition which was available in the text edition. Therefore this shows that there was no existent practical deduction. Another flooring observation revealed that pupils with mild disablements on an norm of 200 proceedingss of text edition cognition received 1 minute of scientific discipline direction ( Norman, Casseu, & A ; Stefanich, 1995 ) . Science has become a general focal point for primary instruction. It is non necessary that scientific discipline is merely available to those who already have an chance and those who have received encouragement to prosecute it. It is besides made available to adult females and misss, all racial and cultural groups, physically and educationally challenged, etc. However pupils with disablements who are prosecuting their callings in scientific discipline frequently face a figure of barriers. These barriers include historical, attitudinal, institutional, physical, and curricular barriers. A undertaking by the name of Creating Laboratory Access for Science Students ( CLASS ) has been initiated in order to fix pedagogues for inclusive schoolrooms. They even teach them the methods of extinguishing the barriers ( Kirch, Bargerhuff, Turner, & A ; Wheatly ) . The whole construct behind Class inclusions came into being after the authorization ‘No kid left behind ‘ was passed. This authorization talked about kids equality retrospect to education. Out of the seven attacks, Friend and Cooke talked about five of them. Co instruction is coaction between the general instructors and the particular instructors. Increase in instructional options should be one of the ends of the instructors. Apart from this, the engagement and public presentation of these pupils should be enhanced. There are a figure of ways of carbon monoxide instruction. In the first attack the instructor will be responsible for learning while the other circulated throughout the room supplying support. In the 2nd attack, the instructor divides the pupils and content into groups, and so they split the clip every bit between each group. Parallel instruction is the 3rd attack. In this attack the category is divided, and so the instructor teaches each group the same conten t. The 4th attack is known as the alternate attack. In this type the category is divided into two groups. One big and one little, and each teacher instruct one of the groups. The smaller group is normally the one which requires most of the attending. Elementary instructors had a more positive attitude towards co learning instead than secondary instructors. Co instruction is fundamentally a partnership between two instructors, one particular instruction and one regular instruction. Elementary instructors would most likely to pass half a twenty-four hours or so with the particular instructors. Whereas, the secondary instructors would prefer to pass a period or two merely. Classroom direction is an of import issue. If the instructors plan their course of study and learning techniques in a advanced, so they would ne'er hold an issue pull offing a category. Plus the pupils will acquire to larn more from the instructors. Advantages/Disadvantages of Co Teaching There are a figure of advantages and disadvantages of carbon monoxide instruction. Students in carbon monoxide instruction categories get the attending of two instructors at the same clip. In this manner the pupils could easy be handled, in add-on to this the pupils get to larn more and they can pull more attending. Another advantage for the handicapped pupils is that they no longer are labeled as analyzing in handicapped schools, since they are analyzing with the normal pupils. However particular instructors showed concerns about the big sized schoolrooms. They believed that frequently instructors do n't acquire sufficient clip to function for handicapped pupils because of the figure of pupils in one category. Therefore they were non in favour of big category suites, alternatively they preferred smaller 1s ( Joe, Dowdy, & A ; Nichols ) . Qualitative Research There was a qualitative research carried out of two handicapped. Melinda and Philips were both in the same category, and at the ages of 15 ( Melinda ) and 16 ( Philips ) they were diagnosed with cognitive disablements. When the two of them turned 35, co by the way they met and it was found that they were having support through the Medicaid Waiver. The two of them were asked to take part in a research that was taking topographic point. The research was about the participant ‘s educational and personal experiences at that clip, the participant ‘s lives instantly after go forthing the schools, and the participant ‘s current lives. During twelvemonth one of the survey, when the participants were of 15 and 16 old ages of age, the two of them were placed in ego contained particular instruction category. Melinda ‘s records shows that after the first twelvemonth, she was included in the general instruction categories. Prince philips on the other manus was observed to stay in self-contained particular instruction categories for the remaining of his educational calling which was at the age of 22. Over the clip interviews were conducted with the participant ‘s parents and themselves in order to find any alterations in the personal differences and public presentation degrees. The surveies fundamentally shows that during twelvemonth one, Melinda was regressing academically and she showed marks of being riotous in unintegrated schoolrooms. Prince philips on the other manus was non being riotous in unintegrated schoolrooms, he was demoing marks of adulthood and he seemed to take part volitionally in activities that require functional faculty members. After go outing school Melinda was seen to make better in high schools, she prefers working independently, and her marks of growing were increasing. Prince philips on the other manus is seen to lose ego assurance. He was regressing academically, and was loath to interact with others. He had a fright of doing errors and non making things absolutely. When the research workers met Melinda 4 old ages after maturity, when she was populating, they found out that she lived entirely in her flat, had an extended natural support web, and used get bying schemes to help with processing troubles. Whereas in instance of Phili ps, he lived in his parents ‘ house, had lost several occupations and was presently working at a sheltered workshop for items, and had many troubles in the community. After 8 old ages of life as an grownup, it was observed that Melinda got married for an twelvemonth. She was married to Philip, and the two of them shared an flat. She had expanded her natural support web and was self assured of everything she did. Philips on the other manus had a portion clip occupation in the community, he approached advocators when in troubles, and he requires frequent confidences because he is dying with people around. Therefore the findings show that particular instruction in inclusive general instruction scenes may take to better results for pupils with disablements ( Ryndak, Ward, & A ; Alper, 2010 ) . Decision I personally am in a complete favour of inclusive instruction. In this manner the disabled would ne'er experience that he/she is low in capableness so normal pupil. We all are equal and hence shall be treated every bit. The authorization which was taken out by the US which is â€Å" No Child Left Behind † , should besides be implemented in Pakistan, it gives an chance to both the instructor and the pupils. In add-on, kids analyzing in such an environment learn to be patient.

Values of Effective Leader

Exploration Paper Topic: Values Structure of assignment: 1. Introduction 2. Research 3. Results of research 4. My view on values in terms of management 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. Introduction Paying attention to our values helps us to: ? become self-aware ? make ethical decisions ? prioritize our tasks ? develop credibility as a leader Reasons why values are important to managers: 1) Understanding one's own core values is essential to becoming self-aware. And self-awareness helps us to understand how people perceive us; also it allows us to identify the personal qualities that we would like to change.Values influence our choices, but our choices also influence our values with time. If we don’t pay enough attention to examining the correspondence between our actions with our values, our actions may be guided by immediate concerns and instant gratification rather than our values. Process of changes in values takes a lot of time, but usually it begins with changes in behavior . Over time, we start to take for granted the choices that we repeatedly make even if they are initially inappropriate with our values, and our values begin to float as well.Clarification and requalification of our personal values can stop that float. 2) People who internalize and act on standards of justice and human rights achieve a high level of moral development, and they make ethical decisions. During our lifetimes, we pass through different stages of moral development. Small children, at the preconventional level of moral development, make choices on the basis of the immediate consequences of their decisions. People who have not developed further than the preconventional level of moral development, only choose an ethical alternative if it's in their immediate personal interests.People who step forward to the conventional level of moral development make decisions on the basis of the formal rules and informal norms of their social context, and will choose ethical alternatives ev en at the cost of forgoing their self-interests. The small percentage of people who progress to the highest level of moral development, the postconventional stage, make decisions on the basis of human rights, fairness and justice. Such people are willing to close the eyes to their self-interests and may even break society's rules and norms in order to act according to their principles.People who achieve the postconventional level of moral development are trustworthy; it’s difficult to bribe them and they are not pressured by peers. 3) An understanding of one's personal values is useful for time management. The majority of us has the opportunity to do more things than we'll ever have time to do. Consequently, we have to choose the tasks we will work on thoughtfully. An understandable picture of our personal values allows us to rank the tasks on our â€Å"to do† lists according to its importance for us. 4) Having a clear set of personal values helps us to build the relia bility and trust that assists leadership.The most challenging times for leaders are times when they must lead others into something new. Transformational leaders are able to influence their followers to increase their faith and follow them into the unknown; they build trust. We are more tending to trust people when we understand their values, and see that their actions are harmonious with those values, because we can predict how they will act. Today, companies are confronted with different normative expectations from their environment and are expected to be socially responsible.The discussion about responsible behaviour of companies is based on the increasing importance of values in business context. Important element of the choice of motives for human action is the set of values of the person involved in the action. In small and medium-sized enterprises which are human being-shaped more strongly than big companies, the question of values propagated and lived in the company refers d irectly to mangers. There was one research conducted in co-operation between the International Graduate School Zittau (Germany) and the Technical University in Liberec (Czech Republic) in the period of March – September 2006.It considers the question of what values are significant for small and medium-size companies’ managers and owners and how they manage to bring their personal moral values into harmony with the company’s interests. It focuses on personal values as broad concepts examining their importance in the context of the entrepreneurs’ or managers’ personal lives on one hand, and in process of making a decision and actions inside the company on the other hand. 2. Research Method and context of research Small and medium-size companies were determined by the number of employees; companies were selected from the following business area: Industry ? trade ? service sector ? public and state authorities ? non-profit organizations ? counselor ? e ducation The statistics was collected by personal interviews using a standard approved questionnaire. The interviews were hold only with personnel responsible for decision-making: with the company’s owner, director or manager. The questionnaire covered a variety of areas of business ethics such as: ? perception and evaluation of the business ethics ? ethical values ? ethical/unethical behaviours ? attitudes towards unethical behavior perception of unethical behaviour ? role of success in unethical behavior In questions focusing on personal and company’s ethical values, categories defined in beforehand of 20 values were used to evaluate their importance in the process of decision-making. Connection between personal and company’s values was calculated by Likert scale[1]. As a point of departure for the analysis of categorical variables, percentage frequency tables were used to describe the importance of personal and company ethical values. . Results of reserch The significance of personal values Owners and managers are not just business people; they are also human beings. They have their deep personal values and that are unlikely to change in a short period of time. To investigate the owners’ and managers’ personal values importance, 20 values focused on the objective that one would like to achieve were selected from different areas of value system. Respondents were asked to tick five the most important and five the least important values.According to survey: [pic] The majority of asked owners and managers consider health (86 percent) and family (76 percent) to be the most important personal values. Other personal values that have got comparatively high number of answers were reliability (51 percent), integrity, honesty (42 percent) and trust, reliance (40 percent). About one third of respondents stated responsibility (34 percent), money, financial success and prosperity (31 percent), and education (29 percent) to be one of ver y important values.The least important values with the lowest frequency of answers (stated by less than 10 percent respondents) were commitment (2 percent), individualism (3 percent), discipline (6 percent), openness, frankness (9 percent), and credibility and trustworthiness (10 percent). Also survey showed that reliability was perceived to be more important personal value for companies operating in the industry, trade and service sector than to non-profit organizations, state and municipal authorities, education or consultancy companies. The significance of business valuesAlike the personal value system, the importance of values in term of corporate management and culture was studied by the research. Respondents were asked to tick five values that in their opinion are the most important in their business activities and decision-making processes. Also, they were asked to mark five the least important values in managing their business. According to survey: [pic] Comparing to persona l values, the importance of values in management is not so clear. The highest achieved number of answers (65 percent) was showed in professionalism and quality.Just about 50 percent of respondents said that reliability (53 percent), and relationships, co-operation and team work (51 percent) are important values in their management. Roughly one third of respondents believe that integrity, honesty (36 percent), responsibility (35 percent), focus on success, profit, prosperity (32 percent) and flexibility (30 percent) to be very important values in business operations. The least important management values were individualism (2 percent), tolerance (3 percent), openness, frankness (5 percent), discipline (6 percent) and respect, acknowledgement, justice and fairness (7 percent).Concurrence of personal and business values Growing competition and unstable business environment force managers to look for the highest possible return on each investment and develop strategies that can increase companies’ profits and success. This puts high pressure on companies’ owners and managers. In order to fulfill all requirements, owners and managers are often have to make decision and act at variance with their believes and personal values.For this reason, the research examined how difficult it is for owners and managers of small and medium-size enterprises to bring their personal values in concurrence with their business values, and under what circumstances they would make a decision that would be against their personal moral values. Respondents were asked to mark if they agree or disagree, using Likert scale, with six statements that show complexity in keeping their business decisions and actions (business values) in concurrence with their personal values.Over a half of respondents agreed that for owners and managers it is difficult to behave according to ethical norms and values either because: ? it is not possible to fulfill expectations of people (agreed 70 perc ent of respondents), ? conditions in the market are not adjusted for ethical behaviour (69 percent), ? there is danger that competition will be stronger (67 percent), ? there are no ethical regulations in the company (50 percent). Also, about 57 percent of respondents agreed that it is not difficult to act according to personal ethical values but in order to achieve company’s objectives, it is inconvenient.Roughly 49 percent of respondents agreed that it is not difficult to combine their personal and business values, even though it is uncomfortable for them. What's more, the survey showed that about 3 percent of respondents would always and 31 percent maybe act against their personal values if they could increase success and profit of the company whereas, in case of the company bankruptcy more respondents would be certainly (about 25 percent) or very probably (47 percent) willing to step on their personal values.Approximately 84 percent of owners would act against their perso nal values in order to save their company from bankruptcy, comparing to 72 percent of managers and 69 percent of directors. 4. My view on values in terms of management Value is a choice of that you think is important in the present. Values are not something that can be seen. They can be recognized only by studying reactions and attitudes that motivate your behavior. Values and personal life positions are formed under the influence of experience on the stage of person and in the long term may be inappropriate or even destructive.Children are closely watching their parents and see how they behave in times of black and white stripes of life. Bearing in mind and sensing behavior of parents in a calm and tense moments, the often begin to imitate their parents. Children also react to how they are treated, and are seeking ways to overcome the certain problems that arise. Child perceives, mimics, experimenting. Some things he drops and develops a certain way of behavior for himself. Heads o f companies are not insulated from each other in their work.They are influenced by the values existing in a particular social group, especially the views and personal outlook of the senior managers. Due to the need to remain to the style adopted by the corporation, individual managers have problems. The relation between personal and corporate attitudes may vary from support to dissent. Managers with blurry personal values are not tend to doubt their own values and also, in most cases, they tend to ignore data that disagree with their values. They have tendency to be inconsistence.Often, can’t take a quick decision when it s needed and don’t want to take a key position in the dispute, or in making important decisions for the company. Thus, they are trying to shift responsibility to others and to avoid situations where they are expected to explain the decision they made. Managers with clear personal values, on the contrary, often doubt their own values; they are very ser ious about the role of values in decision making. They are able to change their values under the influence of perceived data and experience and are open to talk about it and discuss with colleagues.They are always ready to take the responsibility for decisions made according to their personal values and enthusiastically accept views of colleagues that are different from their own. They are truly trying to understand others' views. These managers are always reliable in making decisions. Both, in everyday life and at work, they always rely on their beliefs and act according to them. Usually, such managers become more effective leaders of organizations, employees tend to listen to them and appreciate them and trust their choice (decision). 5. ConclusionIt is hard to make a standard list of corporate values, because the organizational culture is almost always a mix of original values, attitudes, norms, customs, traditions, behaviors and rituals that are unique to this organization. The purpose of common values is to unite people in groups, to create a powerful force in achieving goals. This aspect of values is widely used in organizational culture, because it allows people to achieve goals. As shown by different studies around the world, today’s qualified employee wants to receive from the organization more than just money.The materialization and impact of a number of social factors led to the formation of a great class of the today’s employees, the expectations are very different from those that dominated in the previous generation. Nowadays, workers are counting not only on financial success, but also tend to psychologically feel comfortable in the organization, and on cultural values which match their personal values. Each organization carries out its activities according to those values, which are essential for its employees.While creating an organizational culture social ideals and cultural traditions of the country should be taken into account. Moreover, for an absolute understanding and assimilation of values in an organization, it is important that the corporate values vary within the organization. The gradual acceptance of these values will allow members of the organization to achieve stability and success in organizational development.References: 1. http://community. livejournal. com/marketing_club/14212. html 2. http://www. fin. ru/management/practice/man_today/lichn. shtml 3. http://www. summittraining. co. uk/news-detail. asp? fldNewsArticles_ID=126 4. http://www. ipsihologia. com/? p=206 5. http://quality. eup. ru/MATERIALY7/ckk. html ———————– [1] A Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly used in questionnaires, and is the most widely used scale in survey research. When responding to a Likert questionnaire item, respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement. (www. wikipedia. org)

A Study Of How TPRS Can Be Used To Learn Another Language

A Study Of How TPRS Can Be Used To Learn Another Language Using TPRS in Acquisition of Foreign Language TPR Storytelling (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling) is a method of teaching foreign languages through reading and telling of stories in a classroom setting. The method was invented by a Spanish teacher by the name Blaine Ray, in Bakersfield, California, in 1990. The method of teaching foreign languages is for students who show disinterest in the exciting process of learning a language from a textbook. TPRS is a method that is more or less the same as the procedure involved when learning the first language. Students learn their second language the in the same manner babies learn their first language. By listening to the second language from a story teller, students acquire vocabularies that are helpful in leaning the second language. (Mason, 2005) TPRS is the most effective way of acquiring a second language since its invention in the 1960s. According to the method, changing from commands to the third person singular allows teachers to tell stories and that makes the procedure a long-term memory technique. One of the effective physical elements that have been so powerful in the classical TPRS is asking students to participate in acting out the parts of the characters in the stories. TPRS combines several physical response methods and language acquisition strategies, thus allowing effective teaching of grammar, reading and writing along with vocabulary. (Enciso, 2011) TPR storytelling is not complete without emphasis on reading. The whole procedure begins with an introduction of vocabulary and the complex structures that is then followed by reading. The acquisition method of foreign languages heavily relies on some hypotheses that are recommended in the reading program. The input hypothesis, acquisition hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis and the monitor hypothesis form the basis of TPR storytelling. In the method, a free voluntary reading program is recommended. Learners are encouraged not to entirely depend on the storytellers. Students ought to access books and a quiet, comfortable place to read. Additionally, the second language acquisition method involves reading to students, just as small children are read to while learning their first language for the first time. The most significant element of the TPRS program is the awareness that the focus is on students and not on books or even the story. Maintaining a good relationship with students is regarded as the foundation of a TPRS program. The pace of giving instructions to students should be entirely based upon the assessment by the teacher of how strongly students have internalized the foreign language. Other important elements in the TPRS program are the quality and quantity of the unconditional love, positive feedback, and the appreciation provided by students to their teacher. (Mhathà ºn 2008) Abstract This literature review evaluates the effectiveness of Total Physical Response Storytelling (TPRS) compared to other approaches for acquiring and retaining new vocabulary in a foreign language. The subjects in the review are adult learners with limited literacy and the teachers who use storytelling in teaching foreign languages in the classroom setting. Different scholarly articles are evaluated and reviewed to show the effect of TPRS and grammar translation approaches on the student vocabulary. The articles in this literature review are also a research on the assessment of students’ ability to acquire and retain foreign languages as compare to small children learning their first language. In the review, additional research is needed on how to work effectively with adult students who need to learn foreign languages under challenging circumstances. The students have complicated lives and are struggling to survive in addition to studying on how to improve their language ability. Background information In applying the powerful concept of TPRS in classroom, here is what we know: Studies with Spanish, French, German, Japanese, and Russian demonstrate that TPR is brain compatible. It means that the method may imply short and long-term retention that is striking and statistically significant across studies. Retention with TPR is comparable to riding a bicycle. Upon elapsing of years since the years have elapsed, proficiency returns after a few warm up trials. There is no age barrier in using the TPRS method of acquiring and retaining a foreign language. The method seems to work effectively for both children and adults. The only issue is that when the language training starts after puberty, the probability is almost certain that one will have at least some accent in speaking the second language, no matter how long one lives in a foreign country. It is factual that TPR works for most languages including the sign language of the deaf and the language of mathematics. In the U.S.A math education is even more challenging than foreign languages. It is evident that math education is challenging since more time is spent on remedial mathematics than all other forms of math education combined. Traditional programs and foreign languages both share a common flaw; they play to half the brain and usually, it is the wrong half. Studies show that even the adults play the game of learning another language on a level playing field. There is a widely-held belief that children have a linguistic advantage over the adults but studies contradict the opinion. Studies with the Spanish, Russian, and Japanese have it that adults consistently outperform children in acquiring skills of speaking and writing a new language. The only exception is noted when it comes to pronunciation. In a TPR class, it is the students who do the performance while the teacher is the director of the play. It is the same way that children acquire another language so quickly while living in a foreign nation. They are silent but respond to the directions from caretakers and other children hence they learn quickly. Studies at the University of Texas and other institutions indicate that the dropout rate of second language students in a traditional program can be as high as 95 percent. The studies also have it that the stunning attrition can be reversed when TPRS is a central feature of the language program. TPRS builds confidence in students hence enabling the students to experience quick understanding of a foreign language. Most importantly, TPRS is aptitude free. When TPR is applied by a skilled and talented teacher, academic aptitude becomes a negligible factor. Most people get surprised when disadvantaged children who experience difficulty in class at the traditional school enjoy success in a TPR class. The students can then feel the exhilaration of being competitive with the all â€Å"A† students. TPRS is therefore an important method of helping students acquire a foreign language since it facilitates instant understanding of the target language, regardless of the academic aptitude. It also enhances stress-free, high speed long-term retention amongst the students. Thesis Many students experience difficulty in remembering vocabulary and grammatical rules well for future retrieval. Despite teachers’ efforts to make the students remember the vocabulary and grammar, the students have not often been very successful at that. Due to the challenge of students failing to remember vocabulary and grammar, some strategies have been used over time to help solve the problem. For instance, in English classes, teachers sometimes used world maps to increase the students’ vocabulary. These efforts have not been successful in working towards better understanding of vocabulary amongst the students. Over time, learning institutions have gravitated towards the role of stories in teaching and learning foreign languages. There are many benefits that stories come with when imparting instruction and learning. For example, stories facilitate the acquisition and retention of vocabulary. (Mason, 2005) The use of stories is important in enabling teachers to explain relevant vocabulary over a short period of time. This essay reviews the importance of communication skills among immigrants who are normally employed in low-skilled jobs that do not require high levels of communication. The most effective method of acquiring a foreign language is also discussed. The use of TPRS as a method of gaining and retaining vocabulary and grammar of a foreign language is elaborated in this paper. It is very crucial to teach a foreign language to adults who entirely depend on the language for their economic gains. Total Physical Response Storytelling (TPRS) works well with students who apparently do not have a strong academic background. This paper shows how possible it is for students who lack good academic background to compete competently in a TPR class with students who have experienced a proper academic background. (Enciso, 2011) The study in this paper shows the effectiveness of TPRS in acquiring and retaining new vocabulary. Annotated Bibliography Using TPRS in Acquisition of Foreign Language Mason, B. (2005). Vocabulary acquisition through storytelling. TexTESOL III Newsletter, 3-5. In this article, Mason states that vocabulary acquisition is possible from listening to stories but at the same time, listening to stories in an insufficient and an inefficient source of vocabulary. Mason informs us further that listening to stories require direct instruction as well. In the article, a study carried out by Beniko Mason attempts to confirm that listening to stories leads to the acquisition of vocabulary and also determines the efficiency of the vocabulary acquisition. In the study, two experiments are carried out; the first experiment being story-telling versus list-learning. In the first experiment that had sixty participants, all the students took part in both treatments. The storytelling treatment involved a pretest on thirty words. The participant then listened to a story of thirty words. While the teacher told the story, the students pointed at the word they thought were used in the story. In the first treatment the participants retook the vocabulary test but presented in a different order. The second treatment involved the students being urged to work together Experiment two was storytelling plus skill-building versus story-telling alone. In the experiment, the subjects were first year female Japanese female students at a junior college in Osaka. The students were not much exposed aural input in English. For the first group, the 20 target words were written on the board, the participants took a translation test, and the students listened to the story and then took a post-test on the same list of words. The other group involved the use of oral questions that used the target words. The participants also took a translation test and read the written version of the story. The story only group took the translation test twice, but the story-plus group did the whole procedure three times. Weeks later, the groups were given an unexpected follow-up test. Mason notes down his results for the study and presents the mean scores for the two groups as similar. He uses a descriptive statistics on vocabulary test where the final gain for the two groups as a result of the vocabulary test is noted. Another table showing the efficiency of both the two groups is also drawn by Mason. There was no difference in the story method and the list-learning method used in the first study. In the second story, there was also no difference in the in the efficiency in vocabulary learning between the two activities carried out. Mason indicates that the findings are consistent with the results of previous studies, an indication that listening to stories results in vocabulary development. Mason also compares the results with the comprehension hypothesis which states that language development is the result of the comprehension of messages. The goal of the study was on vocabulary development. Mason notes that the whole idea of storytelling as an effective way acquiring a foreign language is encouragement. The author of this article thus proves that stories are far more pleasant and effective than the traditional instruction. He further explains that students can gain other aspects of language from stories, as well as knowledge. In addition, Mason argues that storytelling and list ening to foreign language results leads to the acquisition of vocabularies, and endeavors to demonstrate to determine the importance of the acquisition to the learners. Almost the same research has been done before and Mason’s work is just a confirmation of the previous findings. In a nutshell there is consistency in his research. In particular the finding look to be consistent with Comprehension Hypothesis that argues that of student learning a new language comes from comprehension messages. The article is a good reader for beginners in learning second language. Mà ¡ire Mhic Mhathà ºn.(2008). Supporting Childrens Participation in Second-Language Stories in an Irish-Language Preschool. Early Years: An International Research Journal, 28(3), 299-309 This paper is a consideration of how children learning a second language were supported as active participants during the storytelling sessions in an Irish-language immersion preschool in Dublin. Mhathà ºn note that early educators view children as active participants in their own learning. The author of this article also considers how children learning a second language were supported as active participants during storytelling sessions in Dublin. We are informed that stories were chosen as the focus of enquiry since they are regarded as productive language enriching activities. In the article, a case study method of enquiry was adopted for the research project, focusing on three and four year old children in Dublin. This paper therefore proves that active participation enhances the learning of a second language among the children. The writer of the article kept the detailed observation notes of the story sessions and that allowed recording of a further thirty minutes time of interaction between the practitioners and children. In the study, there were also incidental talk and less formal interaction during the lunch-break. The cognitive and the social aspects of the language learning process are recognized in the paper since the resulting transcripts were analyzed from an interaction perspective. The analyses of such aspects of learning a foreign language are of use when determining the significance of input, the language addressed to the learner, and the modifications made by competent speakers. In the article, the practitioners provided support for the children who were learning the second language through the method of storytelling, development of language, development of a narrative and the method of organization of storytelling sessions. The methods used to support children learning their second language provide opportunities for children’s second language learning as well as facilitating children’s participation and initiatives. The methods of collecting data and their significance are outlined in the article as the views of the staff and the parents regarding the various support methods were required. The writer of the article has shown his statistical knowledge by outlining the methods which includes; use of interviews and administering of questionnaires. The formal staff interviews were significant in obtaining first hand information regarding the performance of children at the learning places. Parents too were advantaged to speak out their ideas on the performance of their children. Direct formal interviews used by the writer also provided the parents with the opportunity to give out their views on how the acquisition of the second language could be enhanced for better results. The parent questionnaire administered to parents was a way of making sure that they monitor the progress of their children when they are at home. The writer has utilized this method of obtaining data to have an idea on the level of ownership of Irish books by parents at home. Research in the study shows that the number of information books was not pleasing implying how books are not effective in acquiring a foreign language. The two methods of collecting data are utilized by the writer of the article to prove how acquiring a foreign language through storytelling is effective. The two methods of collecting data represented the efficiency of the learning methods used in the study. The information in the study illustrates the dilemmas that the immersion practitioners face in the early childhood settings. We get informed of how the children’s interests and initiatives can be facilitated when they are at the beginning stages of second language acquisition, and when an adult is the main source of input. The study carried out also enables us to get deeper understanding of the process of second language acquisition as well as the early childhood pedagogy. This article also shows how the learning of a second language by the children was appreciated. There were observations and Audio†recordings made during the story sessions for a period of six months. The staffs were also questioned and parents filled the questionnaires. The study conducted indicated that the practitioners gave the children support. Difficult decisions had to be made concerning the breadth and type of learning experiences offered when concentrating on the primarily second†language learning.

Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Evaluation - Essay Example Although this phenomenon may not be as prevalent as it used to be in the past, there is still some level of continuing prejudice in American communities and learning institutions. It is not surprising that university students sometimes opt to study, live or socialize with other scholars from the same racial background. Nonetheless, encouraging campus diversity is beneficial for students especially in the learning process, even though critics of college diversity programs argue that these programs do not have any educational advantages. Critics of college diversity schemes claim that ethnic based segregation is prevalent among students. The critics also argue that the extensive spread of racial segregation weakens the academic capacity of a genuine multicultural campus community. Additionally, some of these critics hint that college diversity schemes, like Racial Studies programs, African-American historical studies, Black student clubs, and dorms or houses with ethnic themes, promote further separation instead. They allege that this counters the purpose of a diverse community, which is to encourage intergroup interaction and educate students about each other, in order to guarantee productive co-existence as adults. The underlying value of diversity in institutions of higher learning is also an important aspect to consider in this debatable issue. Members of the public generally support the affirmative action, which seeks to overcome discrimination against women and minority groups by providing them access to equal educational opportunities. This is because it supports the democratic principles of equity, fairness, and equality. However, there are people who argue that the affirmative action, which supports campus diversity, also goes against the very ideals which contributed to its creation. This is because; many institutions of higher learning view it as a platform for building their reputation and acquiring extra resources. Despite the critics’ argumen ts against affirmative action and campus diversity, extensive research has examined how students grow and transform as they join diverse college environments. Most of the said academic researched has concentrated on the manner in which campus racial dynamics influence learners’ outcomes. A great portion of the evidence collected supports continued utilization of affirmative action during university admissions. This is because, students benefit from diversity on campus, both at an individual level and educationally. Apparently, interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds enhances learners’ growth and improvement in regard to emotions management, interpersonal skills and mental maturity. This learning benefit is collective, in the sense that, it is experienced by all students whether they are minorities like Blacks, Asians or Hispanics admitted through adherence to the affirmative action, or Whites who form the greater part of university population. Certa inly, majority students in campus that did not previously have a chance to directly interact with minorities can get to know them and their cultural backgrounds. This, in turn, enhances their ability to work with minorities in the future, in a work environment that is increasingly embracing all types of workers. Another kind of diversity is characterized by the connections that scholars have with new concepts, ideas and people in general. Within this type of diverse

Canadas Retail Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Canadas Retail Sector - Essay Example The retail sector currently plays a vital role in Canada’s marketplace. During the 2009 recession, the retail sector experienced a fall in demand. However, in 2006-2012, sales increased by 17%. The total retail sales in 2013 amounted to 482 billion, which was slightly below the predicted sales of $483 billion. The projection of 2014 sales has been placed at 493 billion. The Canadian government regulations are working towards ensuring that businesses are able to negotiate contract agreements amongst themselves. Retail business holiday rules and regulations in Canada vary from one province to another. Therefore, retailers need to review retail business holiday regulations in their areas. For instance, there are no laws preventing retailers from opening in Alberta, but in New Brunswick, most retailers are not allowed to open during Holidays. Canada hosts several multinational retailers operating such as Reebok, Wal-Mart, Daiei (a Japanese company), and K-Mart, which is an Austral ian corporation among others.

Prevention of Falls in Elderly Rehabilitation Patients Essay

Prevention of Falls in Elderly Rehabilitation Patients - Essay Example Research on the elderly has attained ethnographic cross-cultural comparative proportions of investigation, being one of the most necessary requirements of society. Professional acute care, community care with their circumstantial inadequacies and the situational hopelessness of the elderly in those last sad years motivate Sociologists to invest more time on finding alternatives and innovations. One point all the care facilities and Governments usually forget is that the care is necessity-dependent and not just age-dependent. These articles belong to the researched data connected to this field. As the falling of elderly has become a main problem especially so in the western society, because it delays rehabilitation and healing, it is necessary to have as much information as possible on the given area. Critical assessment and comparison of two or more research pieces can give more insight to care workers like me who have to focus on the problem. This is a very pertinent area for a care giving professional and it is better to analyze the research available than simply scanning through it. I would like to appraise both the works, analyse them and compare them. I would also like to critically go through them and point out the areas of deficiency and shortcomings. I have tried to find similarities, glaring dissimilarities and various points that the researches have touched in the process. I feel it is important because of the seriousness of the problem that can make the last days of the elderly very painful, lonely and ailing. It is important to welcome as much research as possible in this region. LIMITATIONS: Both the research work show very limited perspectives of the problem. They do not envelop the entire relevant issue. Instead, they focus on certain practical advice and connected research without concentrating much on day-to-day activities of the care homes that are trying hard for a successful rehabilitation. As these researches are not highly extensive, their field strength is rather limited. Even though they represent two highly important sides of the problem, one approaching from physical angle and another from mental, it is difficult to conclude that both the papers have achieved anything absolutely conclusive. LITERATURE REVIEW: Aging touches different parameters in the Western and Eastern World because in Eastern countries, families take care of the elders under normal circumstances. Problems facing the elderly in European Countries, Australia, USA or Eastern Countries are identical. Caring for the frail elderly does not limit itself to one region or country."Older people in European society are therefore not to be regarded as a homogeneous mass but as a diverse group of people who may have only one characteristic in common - their age" says Hugman (1994, p.7). Restorative care is distinctively different from usual care because they have to be matched with the particular individualistic

Managing Youth and Community Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Youth and Community Work - Essay Example Youth clubs have a long and storied history in the United Kingdom. Though serving a modified client base, in many ways Sweatman's assessment of the need for Youth Clubs is reflected in the activities modern day Youth Services provide (i.e. companionship, useful instruction, strong guiding influence). Youth services rely on public funds to run their programmes, though they are rarely run like most public agencies. There is a strong reliance on volunteers and part-time employees, emphasizing partnerships in the community. As such, managing youth and community workers can be challenging. Understanding management needs in this field necessitates an understanding of the differing management theories from which the youth service and individual youth and community managers will draw. Some consider Machiavelli's The Prince to be the seminal work in management philosophy. However, most students in the field regard Frederick Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management as the definitive work quantifying and describing management theory. ... y the turn of the century it was evident that informal leadership structures of the past needed to be formalized to organise and direct the ever-increasing employee base while enhancing productivity. Taylor is credited with coining the term "scientific management" as well as the first theorist of the Classical School of Management Theory. As noted by Freeman (1996), key components of scientific management include: Developing a science for each person's work Scientifically selecting, training, teaching, and developing each worker The belief that "management should do the thinking while workers should perform the tasks." (Herndon, 1997) Prosperity for the employer and employee Freeman further noted that Taylor's "Task Idea" is one of the most prominent elements of this era. The "Task Idea" focuses on planning, planning the task of each worker including planning instructions to complete the task, planning the time to complete the task, planned so that each worker performs a task most suited to their strengths. Although initially scientific management seemed to enhance efficiency and productivity, its routine nature led to worker boredom and the management-labor rift grew precipitously. Another prominent theory of the Classical School is Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management theory. Indeed, Weber is credited with coining the term "bureaucracy" to describe a given organisational structure. As reprinted in Miller (1963), Weber believed the "fundamental categories of rational legal authority" to include: 1. A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules 2. A specified sphere of competence 3. The organization of offices follows the principle of hierarchy; that is, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. 4. The rules which

Reason and democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reason and democracy - Essay Example In his speech on (2009), the united state president Barrack Obama claimed that, American presumes no knowledge of everyone's needs, but he believes that everyone yearns for certain things in life. These things include; the ability to share their thoughts on how they are governed; the ability to confide in the judicial system. In addition, citizens need to have a government they can confide in with their resources, and for the freedom to live as they may choose (Obama's Speech in Cairo 2009) In this sense, a true act of democracy must be supplied by reason. Democratic state, government in office are open and ready to supply all the essential facts of their actions to their citizens. This builds the citizens trust on the government in managing their resources, in the judicial system and their freedom to make their own chooses without state manipulation or threats (Obama's Speech in Cairo 2009).. If an individual believes that they are entitled to certain aspects in life, if one can clearly elaborate the reasons as to why they enjoy such rights as opposed to if they were not entitled to them, hence, they believe in democracy. In a judicial system, every judgment ought to be backed by reason. It is only in such circumstances that democracy is fulfilled. If a judge were to pass judgment on individuals without clarified reasons, then this would defile the aspect of democracy. Acts of democracy should be justifiable based on reason. In a dialogue between; Theseus from a democratic city, and Theban Herald from despotism city.

Types of Contracts and Performance-Based Acquisition Research Paper

Types of Contracts and Performance-Based Acquisition - Research Paper Example They are the most common form of contract and are used in majority of the contractual agreements. They are used when uncertainties are involved in contracts and they do not allow costs to be submitted with accuracy to a fixed price contract. It is a favorable contract in conditions where the outcome of the contract or the project is uncertain. A contract which has a written preliminary contractual instrument and which is able to authorize a specified contractor and can begin manufacturing supplies and in performing some specific services is called a letter contract. It could be used in circumstances where the interests of government demand that the contractor is given a binding level of commitment and contractor is able to start working instantly and is able to negotiate a contract in the specified time. Performance based contracts are not literally contracts but a specific acquisition method where requirements can be described by a performance work statement or a certain statement of objectives. Performance based contracts are made to ensure that contractors are able to meet quality levels and payment is related to the specified contract standards. The choice of which contract is to be chosen for vehicle purchase is related to general contract law. Parties to a contract are allowed to select the contract in which they have certain rights and obligations towards each other (Koffman, 2007). It is the most pivotal concept of contract through which parties are obligated to make promises and they are bound to follow those promises made. The ideal contract, which could be chosen for vehicle purchase, is performance-based contract as it portrays a sense of mutual consideration among the parties that may not be any direct or formal prerequisite for selection of a contractual law unless the parties to a contract agree to it. As mentioned before, this contract will ensure that contractors are able to

Comprehensive Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comprehensive Examination - Essay Example is a renowned philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose thoughts, teachings, and ideas have been very influential on the American society as well as around the world (Neil, 2005). John Dewey believed that learning needs to be active and not long and restrictive. He believed that children could learn much more if things were aught on a practical basis rather than only theories. Dewey has written a number of works in various subjects however his most famous subject is education. Dewey has won a number of awards like the Doctor â€Å"Honoris Causa† from university of Oslo, Pennsylvania, Yale and Rome and he has also won Copernican Citation in 1943. Dewey’s theory was presented in ‘My Pedagogic Creed’ (1897). According to Dewey education is a necessity of life and every person starts learning right from the time of birth. A teacher plays a very important role in the educational system. It is up to the teacher to help stimulate the child’s powers by ensuring the child faces a social situation which stimulates the child’s powers. It is essential that the teacher understands the need for a student to be a part of the social society, and that the person being educated is a social individual and is a part of the society which is an organic union of individuals (Emand, 2000). If any one of these are eliminated it would cause a very bad effect on the child’s education as well as the life of the individual. According the Dewey’s theory it is always better to make children study in a more practical way rather than in a standard classroom structure where the students thoughts are limited and the students are not given a chance to bloom and bring out fresher ideas. As he has already mentioned it is also possible to teach children maths by learning proportions in cooking or even time limits in travelling between places by a mule can help children develop their mathematics skills. Also the teaching structure for this type of education would require

What if it Were You Essay Example for Free

What if it Were You Essay Probably the most debated topic today is abortion. It is uncommon for the topic to be brought up when new friends are first meeting because almost everyone has a stand on the issue, and there are only two possible stands (which happen to be largely the opposite). According to the Websters dictionary, the definition of abortion is: expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is viable. You might say that this definition is a little unclear because we must ask, what does Webster mean by viable? In the same edition, the definition of viable is: able to take root and grow. Now I dont know about you, but I think that if you nourish and feed a fetus from the first day of conception properly, it will be able to take root and grow. If you dont believe me, every single human life today (including yours and mine) are walking proof of this. So then, if the definition of abortion is a fetus expelled before it can take root and grow, the definition contradicts itself, and abortion is therefore the expulsion of a human. Now where Im from, expulsion of a human is a crime in which in most cases is punishable by death if not life imprisonment. I cant even begin to understand how the issue of abortion is even a question, or  much less exists! What a sick and twisted world we live in. Its a good thing for all those hardcore pro-choicers out there that their mothers happened to be pro-life. Ironic, huh? I am going to give a few arguments against abortion, and I will then look at the opposing views and make a rebuttal. The first and foremost argument is that abortion is just wrong it is the killing of the innocent(Pearce 7). Considering that the majority of America and this world believe in (a similar) God, God definitely is pro-life (or at least his mother was). Anyone that wants to follow God simply cannot be for abortion under any circumstances. God is the creator of life and intended for a child to be born the natural way not sucked up by a vacuum and discarded into a trashcan. Now if youre not one of those people that believe in God, you might still be against murder. Im telling you that abortion is no different than murder. The major question that comes into  mind for many Christians is: When does a fetus/baby have a soul? or rather, When is the fetus a human? A medical group of biochemists and geneticists were asked the same question, and found 19 to 1 that: The majority of our group could find no point in time between the union of sperm and egg, or at least the blastocyst stage, and the birth of the infant at which  point we could say that this was not a human life. A good comparison to remember is that a fetus is to a baby as a ten year old child is to an adult: each is just an older version of the former (and all are human). There are many women that have now gone insane because of abortions. They realize what they have done and feel as if they have killed the very child they should have loved(Green 1). The number one comeback to any pro-life arguments is that abortion is the womans right to choose. My rebuttal is simply, What if the aborted fetus was a female (or hence a woman), Where the heck was her so-called right to choose? The same excuse can be made for a mother of ten children all under the age of 11, that wants to kill herself. She might say, Its my body, my life, why the heck cant I commit suicide? I have the right to choose death. I would say that no, she really doesnt have that right because she will be affecting at the lives of at least ten other people. Im gonna guess that those ten kids cant probably survive too well without her. So does she have the right to choose death of her own body, much less that of somebody elses (the unwanted fetus)? Heck NO! My question is why doesnt a woman have the right to choose  right after the baby has been born? Or does she. Partial-birth abortion is a practice supported by many pro-choicers in which the baby is killed after it has partially been born. If a woman held a gun to her child after it was halfway out and shot it, would it be murder? What about  ¾ of the way out? What if the baby is only connected by the toe, or to the umbilical cord? Its considered murder if the mother shoots her baby once it is completely out of the womb. a In regards to my statement that women who have had abortions often go insane, many people believe that it is the fault of us pro-lifers that we are too harsh, and therefore make them feel remorseful. The fact is, the truth hurts. If someone killed someone, and then was told how bad it was, they would feel sorry too. Everyone today wants to never be told what is right and wrong, so that they cant be held culpable for their actions. That is just like Platos allegory of the cave, in which everyone is tied up and watches shadows on the wall, not realizing that there is another world out there. One man (Socrates) unties himself and escapes. When he comes back to tell everyone about this whole new world, they beat him up and choose to deny it. And as in Platos day, there are many of us who  wish not to see the truth and take the easy way out. We must all do what Socrates did: escape from the world and find and preach the truth. Another argument made for abortion is: What if a teenage girl is raped? My answer is Give it up for adoption! One might answer me back and say, There are already too many orphaned kids who arent that well taken care of. My answer is to ask those poor orphaned kids if they would rather be alive than dead by putting a gun up to their head, or better yet, threaten them with a vacuum to suck their brains out. I can almost guarantee you that they will choose life, and be happy that their mothers also did. One final argument for abortion is people want to know what if the child will be disabled? First of all, go see the movie that is based on a true story, RADIO. Disabled people can teach so many people how to love. They have taught me what unconditional love is. But aside from all this, just like with the orphaned kids, just put a gun up to them, and they will probably give you some indication to stop. After reading a first draft of  this essay, one of my peers asked me, Should a person who has no sign of consciousness (retarded) and does nothing good to this world be entitled to live? My answer is Why would they  not be entitled to live? Even if we knew that someone was going to do harm to this world, it would be murder to kill him. If someone had killed Hitler before he had done so much evil, it wouldve still been murder. There once was a pregnant woman who had syphilis and was an alcoholic, and the father was also an alcoholic. Should she have aborted her baby, who had such a high risk of turning out deformed? If she had aborted that baby, she wouldve killed Beethoven. (True story!) Finally, I would like to conclude with the steps in an abortion process. There are types of induced abortions: Dilatation and curettage; Suction; Hysterotomy; and saline poisoning. Dilatation and curettage, or D and C is a process by which the doctor sticks an instrument (curette) up into the uterus, and cuts the baby to pieces, and then scrapes all the pieces out (Wilkes 18). Blood is not uncommon. Suction is a method by which the baby is sucked through a vacuum and then spit into a tube into many pieces. Hysterotomy is similar to a Caesarian section in which the doctor cuts open the mothers stomach, and then throws the baby away. (See pictures attached.) The saline poisoning method is done by injecting a needle of poison into the amniotic sack of the baby, and watching it go into  convulsions for about an hour, and then dies. The mother goes through labor, and delivers a dead baby. By the way, science now tells us that a baby has a fully developed nervous system at three months, and can thus feel everything. In the movie The Silent Scream, the doctors poke the baby, and you can see it jump and writhe in pain. People today just dont have hearts anymore. So I hope I have convinced you that abortion is wrong and evil, and must be banned. Some say that there is another civil war to be fought over  abortion. This might seem a bit rash, but the truth is, abortion is that serious.

Automobile and Business Model Essay Example for Free

Automobile and Business Model Essay ?Introduction In 2000, Inspired by car-sharing concept in Europe, Chase and Danielson started Zipcar to pursue the opportunity of car sharing in U. S. market. By mid-October of 2000, Zipcar had enlisted nearly 250 members with 19 vehicles located throughout Boston. I will evaluate this potential venture and its progress based on the framework of â€Å"OUTSIDE1†, including opportunity, uncertainty, team, strategy, investment requirement, deal and exit. Opportunity Market – The market size of this industry is estimated at 26,400 members, which is 0. 04%2 of general population3 lived in Top 20 U. S. Markets. Usage of this industry grows rapidly at 30% annually. There are two competitors in U. S. market, but they focused on the environmental impact rather than convenience and cost effectiveness. Customer – Target segment are college-educated costumers who drive less than 6,000 miles per year and live in urban area. Acceptance of this business is very high referring to Major players in Europe market, whose marketing investment in this industry is low but the growth rate is continuously high (30% annually). Uncertainties Competition – Two current competitors in U. S. market and potential competitors from car manufactures Acceptance – Customer acceptance is to be proved in Boston before the business model could be replicated to other cities Management team – Co-funder’s commitment is not very convincing and the structure of the management is poorly organized Financing – Overhead continues to grow against limited financial resources Team. There are missing pieces in its team as founders are lack of experience in operation and relationship with car manufactures As a co-founder, Danielson commits not enough as she still have full time job and focus more on family Strategy Chase keeps pushing to start business operation maintain their promise to investors although the company is not ready. This Strategy would have negative impacts in the future. Using technology platform to improve cost effectiveness and adopting word-of-mouth are consistent with its current situation. Investment Requirement. Zipcar’s cash flow requirement is very high. It spent $375,000 in first year, and need additional 1. 3 million to complete technology platform, prove the business model and better understand demand. Overhead excess the projection and continues to grow, which will further increase the requirement of cash. Deal The current investors holds plenty of convertible loan, which would have negative impacts on future share holders. Exit The options for exit are available as this industry grows rapidly. The founders are not in a very strong position to potential exit. Business Model Car sharing business provides a hassle-free â€Å"ownership† for urbanite who don’t need to own a car but need the convenience to run occasional errands4. In the model before December 1999, it’s revenue comes from $25 application fee and $300 annual subscription fee, plus $1. 5 hourly driving charge and $0. 4 driving charge per mile. However, Chase decided to change the pricing model with a lower membership fee and a tiered pricing structure, increasing hourly charge to between $4. 5 and $7 and adding a maximum daily rate. The data from actual operations in September gives me a concern as seen in Exhibit 1, that the net contribution from actual operation in September is negative because of the very low revenue, though cost is only a little bit over the estimation. Conclusion The next step for Zipcar is to adjust its pricing model to increase its revenue. Chase need to pitch investors in Springboard forum by focusing on this: Though its cash flow is negative now, Zipcar is a unique business model with cutting-edge technology and well-established customer base. Zipcar will provide a great chance for investors to be rewarded a new market with 30% annual growth. Citation: 1 This framework is developed by Professor Steven Kaplan from University of Chicago 2‘At The Wheel, Volkswagen Pioneers Car Sharing Programs,† Fastlane, October 1997 3U. S. Census, http://census. gov/population/censusdata/90den_ma. txt, December 9, 2002 4According to the case Exhibit 1 Financial Plan in May 2000 September Operation Data Total Revenue 29,616 14,645 Number of Cars 12 19 Revenue per car 2,468 771 Lease per car 367 400 Access Equip 42 42 Fuel 90 99 Insurance 142 142 Maintenance 33 33 Parking 50 63 Cost per car 723 778 Net Income per car 1,745 (7) Source: Company Data.

Situation Analysis For The Nestle Corporation Marketing Essay

Situation Analysis For The Nestle Corporation Marketing Essay In this report itll help to understand the concept and process of marketing, how to use the segmentation, targeting and positioning and understand the individual elements of the extended marketing mix and how to use marketing mix in different contexts. In learning outcome 01, were introducing a new product to the market. In that student is expected to understand and apply marketing planning process to launch the new product. And in this task student must do a presentation to launch the new product to the market. In learning outcome 02, student must do a situation analysis for the organization selected and select target market for the new product and propose a positioning strategy for the new product. In learning outcome 03 students is able to design and recommend the appropriate marketing mix for the new product and in that student is able to design product features, pricing the product, and explain the channels of distributing for the new product. And finally in learning outcome 04 students must discuss the alternative segments to the product and suggest possible market growth options t o the new product. Introduction This report is about the concepts and principles in marketing process. We can use this marketing concepts and principles to introduce a new product to the market. By introducing a new product to the market, organization is able to using the planning process to launch th new product. In this report Nestle Corporation is introducing a new healthy milk powder to the market and they were doing situation analysis to the organization and positioning strategy to the product. Nestle corporation is design good product features, brand name, new distributing ways and pricing the product. Finally they doing some market growth to the product using Ansoffs Matrix. By reading this report reader can have a clear knowledge about marketing concepts and how to use these concepts to a new product. L01 Launching New Product To The Market. L02 Situation Analysis For the Nestle Corporation Marketing Environment The marketing environment surrounds and impacts upon the organization. Internal Environment The Micro Environment The Macro Environment. The Micro Environment Competitors Employees Pressure groups Intermediaries Micro Environment Local residence Customers Financiers Suppliers Owners The Macro Environment SWOT Analysis (http://www.scribd.com/doc/30768475/Swot-analysis-Nestle-Company, 2012) Strengths:- Brand strengths Nestle has very strong brand name and its easy to distribute among the customers. Production innovation The Company has been continuously introducing new products to the market. Research and Development Nestle has worldwide networks of centers 17 locations in four continents. An international staff of 3500 engaged in search for innovative new products and remotivate exist ones. Market Share High level of market share and that people all over the world trust and recognize Nestle as a big brand name. Low Cost They are low cost operators which allow them to not only to beat competition but also edging ahead operating excellence, innovation, renovation, product availability and communication is major strengths. Weakness:- Mature market One major weakness in Nestle is that it is entering into markets that are already major and can give a tough competition to new entrance. Exports Supply Chain The Company has a complex supply chain management. Opportunities:- Expansion potential to expand smaller towns and other smaller geographies, which is parents are famed for like breakfast cereals, smarties chocolates, carnation, etc. Product offering the company has the option to expand its product folio by introducing more products. Global hub since manufacturing some products is cheaper in ASIA than in any other continent. Threats:- Competition Competition from the organized and unorganized sectors. Changing consumer trends increase consumer spending on consumer durable resulting in lower spending on FMCG products. ( fast moving consumer goods ). International marketing standards Sectoral woes rising prices of raw material and fuels and increasing packaging and manufacturing costs. PEST Analysis for Nestle Corporation It is very important that an organization consider its environment before beginning the marketing process. Political Environment:- Nestle is a good political partner in politics. They were donating money for the president candidates in presidential election. Nestle corporation support many programmers and projects essential services and social services. Ex: supporting the tackling the world water crisis project. The government increasing the prices of essential goods and itll affect to the organization and the new product. By the time government change and the policies also get changed, itll affect to the customers behavior and to the company also. Economic environment:- Nestle corporation is a strong brand among the consumers and having a good business cycle in the market. Increasing of interest rate will affect to the customer behavior and itll affect to the company. Income distribution affect to the organization because when income distribution doesnt happened equally customer behavior get changed. The crisis of the world economic prices affect to the country and itll affect to the customers and to the organization. The plentiful in Social Environment:- Family background and their culture will cause to their behavior in buying products, and itll cause to the organization. Customers education level also affect to the organization, because if they dont understand about the product well, they never going to buy it. Customers beliefs, culture, and religion will cause to what they going to buy? Because it get changed customer by customer. The trend of the society will affect on customers behavior, and itll affect to the organization. Technology Environment:- Organization can incorporate the latest technology to their operations. Organization architecture and design has been the evolution of the information technology. The use of technology can build good relationship with suppliers and customers. Technology will cause to increase of the organization and they can improve their sales. Segmentation Criteria Market segmentation is the division of a market into different homogenous groups of customers. Market segmentation is depending on the specific characteristics of the product. These criteria can be divided by such as age and gender, or other distinction such as location and income. Segmenting Consumer Market for Nestle For the newly introduced Strawberry Flavor Sustagen in Nestle corporation, our company using the demographic criteria for the segmentation. Demographic segmentation consist of dividing the market into groups based on such as age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. In here Nestle corporation use age, gender and income as the demographic criterias for the Strawberry Flavor Sustagen. This product is a low-fat milk powder. Our company targeting the young adults and adults as the target market for the Strawberry Flavor Sustagen, because young adults and adults are using Sustagen mostly in the market and this product is a low-fat milk powder. Strawberry Flavor Sustagen can use both males and females. And Nestle Corporation targeting the consumers below 8000 income, because this product will not highly cost. In this case many customers will attract to this new innovative Strawberry Flavor Sustagen. Positioning Strategy Positioning is a concept in marketing which firstly introduced by Jack Trout. A company, a product or a brand must have positioning concept in order to survive in the market. If you dont position your business your competitor will not let you to survive in the Market. Nestlà © Corporation is chosen the Product Positioning as the Positioning Strategy for the New Strawberry Flavor Sustagen. In the market, there is various kind of healthy milk powder brands that compete with the Strawberry Flavor Sustagen, but nestle will survive as always in the market because Nestle is a good, strong brand name in the market. In this newly introduce product therere various dimensions. This Sustagen is highly possessed of good qualities and its really good for the health and itll helpful for reduce the fat. Most of diabetics patients are young adults and adults, because of that we target the young adults and the adults to the new product. Nestle corporation is going to introduce this product to the supermarkets and were give a free chance to our customers to have an experience with our newly introduced product. By this we can attract more customers to our product. Our company going to introduce this new product to the people in rural area also. Because theres plenty of people in rural areas that have the capability to buy this kind of a product. L03 Design and Recommend the Marketing Mix What is a product? Product is anything that is capable for satisfying customer needs. Features are characteristics of a product that offer benefits to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Product Features and Developing the Brand Name Nestle Corporation introduced The Strawberry Flavor Sustagen is not like normal old type of Sustagen. Its fully tasted with strawberry flavor and extra with mint. Sustagen is a world famous milk powder, which has customers all around the world. People all around the world know about the Sustagen and they tasted Sustagen. as a product its really easy to develop because it has a strong brand name. Nestle Corporation introduced this Strawberry Flavor Sustagen is the new member in Sustagen family and Its tasted with strawberry and mint. And nestle corporation is expect to attract many customers to this New Strawberry Flavor Sustagen. Nestle Corporation is developing the new product features to attract more customers to the product. Strawberry Sustagen is a healthy milk powder that helps to keep our body healthy and get nutrition for the day. In this product it includes vitamins that we need to our body for been healthy and keeps nutrition and alternative medicines. Its fully tasted with strawberry flavor. Nestle corporation is decided to include more taste of milk and mint flavor to give a good taste to the customers. And also this product has attractive color that everyone like and with a nice mint smell. Distribute the New Product to the Market When an organization going to introduce a new product to the market, they must know how to distribute the new product to customers. And most important thing is organization must know how to hold the product in customers hand. As the distribution concepts, Nestle Corporation is using Consumer Market concept. First of all our marketing team is planning to distribute this product to Supermarkets in municipal and rural areas. Because middle level customers are coming to supermarkets. Our target market is middle level class customers. As municipal areas, there are some middle level class customers in rural areas that can buy these types of products. So our company chooses supermarkets to launch our new products and distribute through the supermarkets. Pricing the New Product Price is the amount of money or goods for which a thing is bought or sold. The way you set the price to your product, will help to stay in the market or itll cause to leave the market. For a pricing method for our new product, Nestle Corporation choose the customer-based pricing. There are two factors that affecting for pricing decisions. They are internal factors and external factors. Internal factors Rs, Market share 100 Maximum profit 150 Marketing strategy 80 Costs 90 External factors Customer and channel Partner expectation 70 Competitive and Related products 90 Government Regulation 20 Final price Rs, 600 This is the best price that our company can charge from the customers, because if our company charge high cost itll cost to have a production lost in the market. So this our company guessed this price is fair and attractive. Nestle Corporation expecting that this product will attract many customers. Promote the new product Nestle Corporation is expecting to launch our new product to the supermarkets and distribute through them to the customers. Before that our company is going to promote this new product to customers well. For that our company chooses new promotion tips. Our first aim is give the main idea to customers that this new product is strawberry flavor and its good for the health. Targeting that first our company is going to made-up a curiosity in customers mind. For that, our company creates a strawberry arch in the entrance to the supermarkets, and when customers come inside to the supermarket, in the front some people with strawberry dresses to give the main idea to customers. After that we give some leaflets to customers by introducing the new product and our marketing team is ready to inform about the product and its benefits. Finally were going to give a chance to our customers to taste our new product. Were 100% sure that our customers will like our new Strawberry Favor Sustagen and the yll surely use this for their day today life. L04 Market Development (http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm) After our new product enters to the market we must know how to keep our sales in a good level and how to develop the product in the market. Nestle Corporation is using the Ansoffs matrix as the market growth option to develop the product. The Ansoffs Growth Matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy. Ansoffs market/product growth matrix suggest that a business attempts to grow depend on whether it markets new or existing products in new or existing market. The output from the Ansoffs matrix a series of suggested growth strategies that set the direction for the business strategy. Market penetration. Market development. Product development. Diversification. Our corporation suggests Market Penetration and Marker Development as market growth options for the new product. Market Penetration is a name given to a growth strategy where the businesses focus on selling existing products into existing market. Market penetration is to achieve another four more objectives. Maintain or increase the market share of current product. Secure dominance of growth market. Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. Increase usage by existing customers. Market Development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many ways to use this strategy. New geographical markets. New distributing channels. New product dimension or packaging. Different pricing policies for attracts new customers or new markets. Using Ansoffs Matrix our company is going to do some changes in our new product. Our company is hoping to increase the market by selling our new products in the rural areas in the country. Nestle corporation is going to introduce 500g Strawberry Sustagen packets to groceries in municipal and rural areas in the country. Our marketing team is hoping to maintain and develop the market share. And our team is going to do some advertising programmers to develop our product. In that were hope to 5% discount if our customers buy two Strawberry Sustagen. Nestle Corporation is going to introduce this new product in to the International Market. Our marketing team is planning to export this New Strawberry Sustagen country like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. And also were going to use new distributing channels to distribute our new product. Our team uses more agents to distribute the product in towns and by door by door. Theyre fully informed about the product and they always ready to give an instruction about the product. Conclusion In this report we can understand about the various elements of the marketing process and the benefits and costs of a marketing orientation for a selected organization. Understand the micro and macro environmental factors, segmentation criteria, targeting strategy and positioning to the new product. Also how to develop the product features, brand name and how to set a good price for the customers. How to distribute the product to the customers and promote the product to the customers. In this report can have a good knowledge of marketing mixes in different contexts. When doing this report we can have good knowledge about the market and the behavior about the market.

Free King Lear Essays: King Lear :: free essay writer

King Lear In King Lear, the unnatural elements seem to always dominate the natural elements throughout the play.   There exists a reversal of order in the play where the evil prosper in the downfall of the good, and where man's life is meaningless and arbitrary.   King Lear, the tragic hero, dies in the end despite the torment and agony he had to endure to regenerate and repent.   But it is the worthless destruction of countless other lives because of Lear's own personal tragedy that supports the view of the brutality and the meaningless of man's life in the play. Life in Lear's universe is brutal, and at times, merciless.   All this has been brought about by the reign of evil in the play.   The natural order of things has been reversed to such an extent that many of society's cherished values have been neglected and confused.   Evil characters such as Edmund is praised by Gloucester for exposing the "treachery" of Edgar, while Edgar is denounced for his "villany".   Love, based on selflessness and truth, is weighted in materialistic terms.   A man's life, then, can only be considered arbitrary and meaningless in the chaotic universe of King Lear. The character of Lear and Gloucester die in a state of joy, but they nevertheless die in the end resulf.   Both had immeasurable sufferings for their follies, and yet both had gained wisdom - patience, insight, love - from their experiences.   Both were shown to have the capacity for comparison during their ordeals and both were courageous enough to triumph over their weaknesses.   Yet, despite their regenation gained through suffering and pain, they are made to die in the end.   Their deaths hardly seem just and proper if a man's life were not meaningless.   But in King Lear, a man's life is meaningless indeed. There were also many others who were not directly involved in Lear's personal tragedy that died for it.   Because of Lear's follies and the subsequent reign of evil, the armies of France and Britain fought.   That battle must have resulted in numberous death on both sides.   The army of France, led by the King of France and Cordelia, had come in an attempt to overthrow the evil reign of Goneril and Regan, and to rescue King Lear.   Cordelia was still bound by honour, duty, and obedience to Lear despite her banishment, and she at last, had come for her beloved father.

Personal Narrative - Severe Chest Pain Attack :: essays research papers

Silent Killer Today was like supposed to be just like every other day. On another early Monday morning, just like every time I had to get up 2 hours before school, I woke up and went downstairs for breakfast at 6:30. I clean the mess from last night’s dinner with my brother and get ready to go with my carpool to school, because just like every other day, gas is expensive. Funny thing about the carpool, which comes at 7:00 sharp, 7:30 came and she didn’t show up, Therefore, we ended up waking up my father and dragging his tired angry self to school. I had forgotten my wallet at home, so I wasn’t going to have lunch and I didn’t eat breakfast either. Around 11:00, I start my pre-calculus class where we are doing long division of polynomial functions when it hits me. Pain. Intense sharp needle like pain in my chest. Subtle at first, but as I continue breathing, the pain gets worse. So, to solve this, I thought my chair was too tight to the desk. I moved back. Not helping. Clenched at the chest and bent over. Breathed slower. Not helping. Tore off my jacket and bent over in my chair fully. Not helping. And my breath kept getting shorter and shorter until I was barely gasping one every 5 seconds. I reached over and hit my friend and she got the point. Mr. Courtney phoned the principal, vice principal and school administrator. They all came down and told me to lie on the floor. By this time, I was nauseous and convulsing because of lack of oxygen and trauma. I lie there shaking as my teacher moves tables and finds jackets so that I can get my head elevated. The students leave the classroom. My teeth start chattering and I am near tears when the paramedics come in, 8 grown men with machines, clipboards, walkie talkies, and suits storm into the classroom and strap things on me. A red-lighted finger clamp to check my pulse, a blood pressure thing on my arm to check my blood, and 4 sticky clamps attached to wired to check other vitals of some sort. After 15 minutes, the pain subsides almost completely, except when I started to stand. Vital signs, good. Blood pressure, Good. Pulse, strong steady and fast. Adrenaline rush, maybe. Anxiety attack, maybe. Hospitalization, not necessary. By that time, they had called my mom and she came down from North Scottsdale in 14 minutes.

Views on the Topic of Reeds Book Forest Dweller, Forest Protectors Ess

Views on the Topic of Reed's Book Forest Dweller, Forest Protectors Many of the countries of South America have experienced severe balance of payments deficits. In order to encourage development and solve these problems, the governments have engaged in misguided and largely unsuccessful development projects in the rain forests. Ranchers have cleared the forests to raise cattle. Colonization projects have brought small farmers into regions that were once virgin forest. The farming practices that were developed in temperate regions are not very successful in these areas. The land is quickly depleted and the farmers and ranchers clear more forest. The authors of this article suggest that this pattern is not necessary. They explain that simply by following the models of sustainable resource extraction practiced by the indigenous people of the area, the resources of the rain forest can be utilized sustainably. The areas in which sustainable resource extraction is being investigated include gathered products, wild game, aquaculture, agriculture, and resource units. The authors explain each type of resource and touch on how each can be extracted sustainably with the help of indigenous models. For example, game animals could be taken from the forest sustainably if they were "cropped in a form of ‘semi-domestication’ in abandoned garden sites" (Posey, et al 1984). This would mimic the indigenous people such as the Guaranà ­ who are able to keep populations of important game animals artificially high when they allow them to eat food plants out of their gardens. If this model were followed, more animals could be hunted with less harm to the population. Agricultural practices of native peoples could also be copi... ... and used for meat in a sustainable way. I find this point to be highly controversial. Large mammals such as manatees are more vulnerable to over-hunting because their populations are not very dense. Many varieties of turtles are already endangered in the rain forests because there is too much sediment and pollution in the rivers. I don’t think that these species should be considered in sustainable hunting programs. Finally, some of the ideas of these authors, including gathering insects, organizing plantations of fruit bearing trees and keeping animals that eat the fruits on the land as a "game farm," and developing resource units seem a little bit far fetched. All of the ideas of this paper do, however, merit careful review. Any use of a rain forest that maintains the biodiversity and all allows the ecosystem to remain intact is better than clear cutting.

Psy 322 Week 1 Assignment Essay

How do people measure, or know or how goods will be accepted? Consumer psychology is how people relate to the goods and services they use in their daily lives. Consumer psychology studies people and by doing so provides what factors are important in the decision making of purchases and the value of services. By having this knowledge of consumer’s organizations, businesses and retailers improve their marketing. First of all there needs to be an understanding of why the consumer buys in the first place. Is it for a need or a want or is it to fulfill something? The buying process can be very basic or very complex and have many influences from external to internal reasoning. There are many things that factor in to understanding the entire process and the best way to understand them is through consumer psychology. Decisions to buy can be emotional. Emotions can lead a person to shop. Feelings are people’s primary way to make judgments and decision making. A woman can be upse t at her husband, need a break from the kids, or she could be happy and want to spend impulsively. A marketer only has a chance to contend with commercials and ads to penetrate the feelings of the consumer. Consumer personal behavior is influenced by many, family, culture, environment, competition and social attitudes. These are factors to be evaluated and how they are used for persuasion. Friends and family influence the clothes one wears. Culture and family are a persons or peoples area of up bring that can influences the way services are done and the way products are purchased. After taking a deeper look into the whole idea of consumer psychology there are lot of new approaches that are on the horizon that could possibly take effect. Image is a factor into today’s society whether we believe it or not. There is always the clichà © that â€Å"size doesn’t matter† but in all honesty people are always trying to find a way to become healthier. Well according to the New York Times grocery stores have thought of an idea to get people to have realization while walking the stores by putting mirrors in the shopping cart that will allow them to get a glance of themselves before consumers chose to put junk food in the cart. Marketers feel it might help them to reconsider groceries if they have to take a good at themselves before putting their items in the cart then maybe wiser decisions will be made. Another area that has changed psychological views of consumers is the economy. We have been in a recession for quite some time and have seen that people aren’t going out and buying as much. In an article known as â€Å"From buy, buy to bye-bye: The recession will have a lasting impact on the way people shop† there is much indication that in many different areas those sales have plummeted and continue to do so. The consumer psychological view is to save money and prices of any type of sales keep rising without any le-way for the consumer. If marketers do not learn make bargains for their consumers’ bucks then there will be a better chance for the economy to buy instead of saying bye-bye to buying. All in all, the consumer is looking for options that will help them in their lives to better themselves. Although sometimes the mechanism that marketers use to persuades the consumer to make choices that are more convenient and might not be as good for them. Consumer psychology is at a very vulnerable state in today’s society because everyone wants to be a part of something big or new that is how the market communicates with them. Therefore the understanding is that sometimes consumers have no hope in area of choice because the market is always there to persuade them to try new things. REFERENCES: MOSS, MICHAEL. Copyright 2013. Nudged to the Produce Aisle by a Look in the Mirror Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/28/dining/wooing-us-down-the-produce-aisle.html?_r=0 The Economist. Copyright 2009. From buy, buy to bye-bye: The recession will have a lasting impact on the way people shop. Retrieved from, http://www.economist.com/node/13415207